These 4 surveys were the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG, 2002 and 2006–2008), the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2002–2009), the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2008), and the General Social Survey (GSS, 2000–2008). Relevant characteristics of each survey—including website addresses for further information about the sampling methods, human subjects review, response rates, and weighting—are presented in Table 1. Notably, all surveys were household-based probability samples and 3 of the 4 surveys used audio computer-assisted self-interview to collect information on injection drug use. Although studies show that NMUPO increases the risks of heroin and/or injection initiation, they also suggest that the relationship between NMUPO and heroin/injection drug use is not unidirectional.
We selected random effects models for our analyses because the models assume the studies are a random sample [15], a type of inference that fits the purpose of our study. In our analysis, the measures of injection drug use are not identical across surveys but rather have a distribution; the summary estimate describes the average of the measures and the confidence interval provides an indication of the spread of the distribution of population proportion estimates of PWID. The meta-analysis method developed by Rao et al [14] adds a between-studies variance term in deriving an overall estimate.
Teenagers in the District of Columbia are 11.94% more likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Teenagers in Delaware are 20.71% more likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Teenagers in Connecticut are 7.47% more likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Teenagers in Colorado are 37.40% more likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen.
In fact, the prevalence of injected crystal methamphetamine use increased substantially between 2001 and 2007 to stay relatively high at 13% in 2011, whereas injection of prescription opioids (POs) increased steadily from 2002 to 2007, with a high of 30.9% in 2007. Unfortunately, it is difficult to comment on temporal trends in the number of PWID in Vancouver based solely on these analyses. B Includes infections attributed to injection drug use and those attributed to male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use (men iv drug use who reported both risk factors). C Unless otherwise noted, the term United States (US) includes the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the 6 dependent areas of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the Republic of Palau, and the US Virgin Islands. It indicates a behavior that transmits HIV infection, not how people self-identify in terms of their sexuality. This web content uses the term gay and bisexual men to represent gay, bisexual, and other men who reported male-to-male sexual contact.
Teenagers in Utah are 28.16% less likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Teenagers in Texas are 15.18% less likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Teenagers in Tennessee are 18.64% less likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Teenagers in South Dakota are 14.91% less likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen.
Septic pulmonary emboli can seed from injection-site infections and tricuspid valve endocarditis and usually present with high fever and symptoms suggestive of pulmonary emboli.11 Lung abscesses result typically from aspiration, frequently due to K pneumoniae13 or septic emboli. Although chest X-ray is sufficient to demonstrate the pulmonary infection in most cases, CT can be useful to confirm cavitation and the distribution of infection and to exclude pulmonary embolus. With regard to types of needle-sharing partners among 18,918 members of the NADR sample (p. 122), 68 percent reported having shared with friends, 67 percent with ”running partners,” 52 percent with a spouse or partner, and 25 percent with strangers. Because the standard of care at UAB hospital is for ID physicians to write intravenous antibiotic prescriptions at discharge, it is unlikely for patients to be discharged to OPAT without seeing an ID consultant.
We used a multistep multiplier approach to estimate the number of adults who injected drugs in the United States in 2018 (Figure 1). Each step of the analysis is described in detail later; briefly, we used inputs from 2 of our previously described estimates—the estimated number of injection-involved overdose deaths [30] and the estimated ratio of nonfatal to fatal overdose among PWID [31]—to infer the number of nonfatal overdose events among PWID. We then divided the number of nonfatal overdose events by the percentage of PWID reporting overdose for a population size estimate. Analyses were limited to adults ≥18 years of age and were conducted within 64 strata defined by all combinations of US Census region (Midwest, Northeast, South, West), sex (male and female), age group (18–39 and ≥40 years), and race/ethnicity (Hispanic/Latinx, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic other).
From these data, NHCS contributes information on national public health threats such as the current opioid emergency. The 2020 – 2023 NHCS are not yet fully operational—as a result, data presented here are preliminary and not nationally representative. Get detailed national estimates from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).
These reports present data on a single state or territory, and they may be released as a stand-alone publication or a recurring report. Youth are more likely to abuse prescription stimulants than they are to abuse cocaine or amphetamines. The data presented will be updated every 2 months to include data for the remaining months in each calendar year.
The population proportions of PWID in the age group 18–24 years were applied to the population aged 13–24 years and the population proportions of PWID in the age group 50–64 years were applied to the population aged 50 years or older. Because smaller percentages of persons in both age groups (13–17 and 65 years or older) are less likely to have ever injected drugs than those aged 18–24 years and 50–64 years, respectively [20], this may result in an over-estimate of the number of PWID and thus an under-estimate of the rates of HIV infection. In Canada, available data seem to indicate that the injection drug use patterns once dominated by cocaine and heroin are currently changing.
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